基于Java Swing的游戏框架。 任何建议？
我正在使用Java Swing框架开发游戏。 有没有人知道基于Swing的好框架？ 我主要关心重绘的性能。
Swing适用于简单的游戏，但如果你真的关心重绘的性能，你应该看一下基于OpenGL的框架之一。 例子：
- http://www.lwjgl.org/ – 相当低级别的库但非常快。 基本上是原始的OpenGL。
- http://www.slick2d.org/ – 一个流行且相当容易使用的2D游戏库。
- http://jmonkeyengine.com/ – 如果你想要一个完整的3D引擎，这是一个很好的选择。
特别是，如果你想做更复杂的效果（例如很多颜色，阴影，透明效果）那么你可能需要OpenGL。
这个简单的固定时间步骤游戏循环（我从作者的参考信用改编）从未让我失望。
它可以准确地以60 fps（或者你做的任何东西）进行绘制，也可以改变赫兹，它还可以通过Graphics2D和其他一些效果实现抗锯齿。
原作者的例子包括插值检查，但是我发现它在我的游戏中给了我一些问题，比如在他们的位置闪烁的图片，所以我保留了包括但是如果你遇到问题，至少你会知道是什么导致它）：
import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; public class GameLoopTest implements ActionListener { private GamePanel gamePanel; private JButton startButton; private JButton quitButton; private JButton pauseButton; private boolean running = false; private boolean paused = false; public GameLoopTest() { JFrame frame = new JFrame("Fixed Timestep Game Loop Test"); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); gamePanel = new GamePanel(500, 500); startButton = new JButton("Start"); quitButton = new JButton("Quit"); pauseButton = new JButton("Pause"); pauseButton.setEnabled(false); JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel(); buttonPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(1, 2)); startButton.addActionListener(this); quitButton.addActionListener(this); pauseButton.addActionListener(this); buttonPanel.add(startButton); buttonPanel.add(pauseButton); buttonPanel.add(quitButton); frame.add(gamePanel); frame.add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH); frame.pack(); frame.setVisible(true); } public static void main(String[] args) { SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { new GameLoopTest(); } }); } @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { Object s = e.getSource(); if (s == startButton) { running = !running; if (running) { startButton.setText("Stop"); pauseButton.setEnabled(true); runGameLoop(); } else { startButton.setText("Start"); pauseButton.setEnabled(false); } } else if (s == pauseButton) { paused = !paused; if (paused) { pauseButton.setText("Unpause"); } else { pauseButton.setText("Pause"); } } else if (s == quitButton) { System.exit(0); } } //Starts a new thread and runs the game loop in it. public void runGameLoop() { Thread loop = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { gameLoop(); } }); loop.start(); } //Only run this in another Thread! private void gameLoop() { //This value would probably be stored elsewhere. final double GAME_HERTZ = 30.0; //Calculate how many ns each frame should take for our target game hertz. final double TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES = 1000000000 / GAME_HERTZ; //At the very most we will update the game this many times before a new render. //If you're worried about visual hitches more than perfect timing, set this to 1. final int MAX_UPDATES_BEFORE_RENDER = 5; //We will need the last update time. double lastUpdateTime = System.nanoTime(); //Store the last time we rendered. double lastRenderTime = System.nanoTime(); //If we are able to get as high as this FPS, don't render again. final double TARGET_FPS = 60; final double TARGET_TIME_BETWEEN_RENDERS = 1000000000 / TARGET_FPS; //Simple way of finding FPS. int lastSecondTime = (int) (lastUpdateTime / 1000000000); while (running) { double now = System.nanoTime(); int updateCount = 0; if (!paused) { //Do as many game updates as we need to, potentially playing catchup. while (now - lastUpdateTime > TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES && updateCount < MAX_UPDATES_BEFORE_RENDER) { updateGame(); lastUpdateTime += TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES; updateCount++; } //If for some reason an update takes forever, we don't want to do an insane number of catchups. //If you were doing some sort of game that needed to keep EXACT time, you would get rid of this. if (now - lastUpdateTime > TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES) { lastUpdateTime = now - TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES; } //Render. To do so, we need to calculate interpolation for a smooth render. float interpolation = Math.min(1.0f, (float) ((now - lastUpdateTime) / TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES)); drawGame(interpolation); lastRenderTime = now; //Update the frames we got. int thisSecond = (int) (lastUpdateTime / 1000000000); int frameCount = gamePanel.getFrameCount(); if (thisSecond > lastSecondTime) { System.out.println("NEW SECOND " + thisSecond + " " + frameCount); gamePanel.setFps(frameCount); frameCount = 0; lastSecondTime = thisSecond; } //Yield until it has been at least the target time between renders. This saves the CPU from hogging. while (now - lastRenderTime < TARGET_TIME_BETWEEN_RENDERS && now - lastUpdateTime < TIME_BETWEEN_UPDATES) { //allow the threading system to play threads that are waiting to run. Thread.yield(); //This stops the app from consuming all your CPU. It makes this slightly less accurate, but is worth it. //You can remove this line and it will still work (better), your CPU just climbs on certain OSes. //FYI on some OS's this can cause pretty bad stuttering. Scroll down and have a look at different peoples' solutions to this. //On my OS it does not unpuase the game if i take this away try { Thread.sleep(1); } catch (Exception e) { } now = System.nanoTime(); } } } } private void updateGame() { gamePanel.update(); } private void drawGame(float interpolation) { gamePanel.setInterpolation(interpolation); SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { gamePanel.repaint(); } }); } } class GamePanel extends JPanel { float interpolation; float ballX, ballY, lastBallX, lastBallY; int ballWidth, ballHeight; float ballXVel, ballYVel; float ballSpeed; int lastDrawX, lastDrawY; private int frameCount = 0; private int fps = 0; int width, height; public GamePanel(int width, int height) { super(true); ballX = lastBallX = 100; ballY = lastBallY = 100; ballWidth = 25; ballHeight = 25; ballSpeed = 25; ballXVel = (float) Math.random() * ballSpeed * 2 - ballSpeed; ballYVel = (float) Math.random() * ballSpeed * 2 - ballSpeed; this.width = width; this.height = height; } public void setInterpolation(float interp) { interpolation = interp; } public void update() { lastBallX = ballX; lastBallY = ballY; ballX += ballXVel; ballY += ballYVel; if (ballX + ballWidth / 2 >= getWidth()) { ballXVel *= -1; ballX = getWidth() - ballWidth / 2; ballYVel = (float) Math.random() * ballSpeed * 2 - ballSpeed; } else if (ballX - ballWidth / 2 <= 0) { ballXVel *= -1; ballX = ballWidth / 2; } if (ballY + ballHeight / 2 >= getHeight()) { ballYVel *= -1; ballY = getHeight() - ballHeight / 2; ballXVel = (float) Math.random() * ballSpeed * 2 - ballSpeed; } else if (ballY - ballHeight / 2 <= 0) { ballYVel *= -1; ballY = ballHeight / 2; } } public int getFrameCount() { return frameCount; } public void setFrameCount(int frameCount) { this.frameCount = frameCount; } void setFps(int fps) { this.fps = fps; } private final static RenderingHints textRenderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_TEXT_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_TEXT_ANTIALIAS_ON); private final static RenderingHints imageRenderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON); private final static RenderingHints colorRenderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_COLOR_RENDERING, RenderingHints.VALUE_COLOR_RENDER_QUALITY); private final static RenderingHints interpolationRenderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_INTERPOLATION, RenderingHints.VALUE_INTERPOLATION_BILINEAR); private final static RenderingHints renderHints = new RenderingHints(RenderingHints.KEY_RENDERING, RenderingHints.VALUE_RENDER_QUALITY); public void applyRenderHints(Graphics2D g2d) { g2d.setRenderingHints(textRenderHints); g2d.setRenderingHints(imageRenderHints); g2d.setRenderingHints(colorRenderHints); g2d.setRenderingHints(interpolationRenderHints); g2d.setRenderingHints(renderHints); } @Override public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g; //applys effects like anti alising for images and tetx, as well as sets the renderinf value to quality etc applyRenderHints(g2d); g2d.setColor(Color.RED); int drawX = (int) ((ballX - lastBallX) + lastBallX - ballWidth / 2); int drawY = (int) ((ballY - lastBallY) + lastBallY - ballHeight / 2); g2d.fillOval(drawX, drawY, ballWidth, ballHeight); lastDrawX = drawX; lastDrawY = drawY; g2d.setColor(Color.BLACK); g2d.drawString("FPS: " + fps, 5, 10); frameCount++; } @Override public Dimension getPreferredSize() { return new Dimension(width, height); } } 参考：